Coal-Derived Soft Carbon Anodes with Silicon Nanoparticles for Lithium-Ion Batteries

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The high-power demands of handheld power tools and portable domestic appliances necessitate low-cost battery materials with high capacities and high-rate capabilities. Graphite is currently the primary commercial anode material; however, silicon has a much higher capacity (4200 mAh/g vs. 372 mAh/g) but poses problems due to high volume expansion. 1–3 Silicon can be blended, in relatively small amounts, with other, typically carbon-based, active materials to improve the total capacity of the anode and mitigate the degradation of silicon. Such blended electrodes may be designed to allow for one material to act as mechanical scaffolding to facilitate volumetric expansion, to allow for easier electron transport, or both materials may be implemented with the intent of dual-lithiation. 4,5 Electrodes with multiple active materials have intriguing properties due to their dual-charging nature, warranting thermodynamic and kinetic study of their lithiation reactions. In this work, coal-derived soft carbons are blended with silicon to serve as the active materials in lithium-ion battery anodes. Soft carbon materials of different particle sizes and heat treated at different temperatures are characterized, and various silicon loadings are investigated. Anodes are tested at various rates to investigate performance for high-rate applications and to achieve a better understanding of lithiation dynamics in the blended active materials. Material characterization (e.g., SEM, XRD), thermodynamic testing (pseudo-OCV), and cycling performance of coal-derived soft carbon anodes are demonstrated. References: J. R. Szczech and S. Jin, Energy Environ. Sci. , 4 , 56–72 (2011). B. A. Boukamp, G. C. Lesh, and R. A. Huggins, J. Electrochem. Soc. , 128 , 725–729 (1981). D. Guerard and A. Herold, Carbon , 13 , 337–345 (1975). X. Zhang, D. Kong, X. Li, and L. Zhi, Adv Funct Materials , 29 , 1806061 (2019). I. Kim et al., Energy Storage Materials , 72 , 103739 (2024).

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