Awareness of colorectal cancer symptoms and risk factors: a cross-sectional study at the largest tertiary care centre in Sri Lanka

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OBJECTIVES: To assess awareness of colorectal cancer (CRC) symptoms and risk factors among adults attending Sri Lanka's largest tertiary care hospital, and to identify sociodemographic predictors of awareness. DESIGN: Descriptive cross-sectional study. SETTING: Outpatient clinics at the National Hospital of Sri Lanka (NHSL), the country's largest tertiary care centre. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 506 adults (≥18 years) recruited via convenience sampling. Data were collected from May 2022 to May 2023 at the outpatient clinics of the NHSL, the country's largest tertiary care centre. Eligible participants included clinic attendees as well as accompanying persons of attendees, provided they met inclusion criteria. Individuals with known gastrointestinal conditions or malignancies were excluded. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Primary outcomes: awareness scores of CRC symptoms and risk factors using a culturally adapted Bowel Cancer Awareness Measure questionnaire. SECONDARY OUTCOMES: predictors of awareness based on sociodemographic variables. RESULTS: 58.7% (n=297) of participants could not name any CRC symptoms unprompted; blood in stools (n=93, 18.4%) was the most identified symptom unprompted. Prompted awareness improved markedly, with 75.3% (n=381) identifying blood in stools when provided with a list. Similarly, 44.3% (n=224) could not identify any CRC risk factors unprompted; excessive alcohol intake (n=368, 72.7%) and low fibre intake (n=324, 64.0%) were the most commonly recognised risk factors when prompted. The mean symptom awareness score was 5.63 (SD=2.55), corresponding to 'fair' awareness, and the mean risk factor awareness score was 5.47 (SD=2.63), also indicating 'fair' awareness. Female gender (B=0.669, p=0.008; n=237) and older age (B=0.023, p=0.034) were significantly associated with higher symptom awareness. Awareness was significantly lower among participants with lower education (B = -0.104, p=0.018; n=219) and among the unemployed (B = -0.175, p=0.045; n=152). CONCLUSIONS: Unprompted awareness of CRC symptoms and risk factors was suboptimal in this population, with marked gaps in spontaneous recall. Public health campaigns should prioritise men, younger adults and individuals with lower education to enhance CRC literacy and promote earlier detection.

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