Enhanced optimisation techniques for solid state fermentation: Enhancing extracellular lipase production by Candida albicans, Mucor sp., and Pseudomonas stutzeri

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Abstract This study aimed to optimise solid-state fermentation (SSF) conditions for lipase production using Mucor sp., Candida albicans , and Pseudomonas stutzeri . SSF is an eco-friendly and cost-effective approach that minimises energy use and wastewater generation, aligning with sustainable biotechnology practices. Key physical and nutritional parameters, including temperature, pH, incubation time, nitrogen and carbon sources, and lipid substrates, were systematically evaluated. Under optimised conditions, the maximum crude lipase activities were recorded as 19.19 U mL −1 ( C. albicans ), 15.8 U mL −1 ( P. stutzeri ), and 14.88 U mL −1 ( Mucor sp.), respectively. After partial purification, the enzyme activities decreased to 10.4, 10.1, and 8.8 U mL −1 , respectively, corresponding to the dialysed fractions. SDS-PAGE revealed distinct protein banding patterns, indicating enzyme heterogeneity, with molecular weights ranging from 18.5 to 52 kDa. The results highlight the potential of these strains for industrial applications, especially under high-temperature conditions (up to 60 °C), suggesting notable thermostability. Utilising low-cost agro-industrial waste, these strains can serve as efficient biocatalysts for large-scale lipase production. This study supports the sustainable biotechnological production of lipases with implications for waste valorisation and industrial enzyme applications.

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