Effects of Microplastics and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Soybean Growth and Soil Greenhouse Gas Emissions in a sandy-loam

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As a globally critical pollutant, microplastics (MPs) have steadily increased in environmental concentrations owing to ongoing plastic production and agricultural practices, significantly affecting plant growth and greenhouse gas emissions. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which form symbiotic associations with approximately 80% of terrestrial plant species, generally enhance plant growth and mitigate soil emissions of nitrous oxide (N 2 O) and methane (CH 4 ). However, the interactive effects of MPs and AMF on plant growth and greenhouse gas emissions remain poorly understood. Therefore, a pot experiment was conducted to examine the impacts of MPs and AMF on plant growth and soil greenhouse gas emissions. The results demonstrated that MPs significantly reduced soybean aboveground biomass, root biomass, yield, and root length ( P < 0.001), but increased nodule number. In contrast, AMF significantly increased soybean aboveground biomass, root biomass, yield, and root length ( P < 0.001), but decreased nodule number. Significant interactive effects between MPs and AMF were observed on soybean aboveground biomass, root biomass, yield, and root length ( P < 0.05). MPs significantly increased cumulative N 2 O emissions from soil by 32.4% ( P < 0.001), but significantly decreased cumulative CH 4 emissions by 15% ( P < 0.01). AMF significantly reduced cumulative N 2 O emissions by 23.7% ( P < 0.01) and slightly increased cumulative CH 4 emissions by 9.2% ( P > 0.05). However, no significant interaction between MPs and AMF was detected for either cumulative N 2 O or CH 4 emissions ( P > 0.05). Our findings indicate that AMF can alleviate the inhibitory effects of MPs on soybean growth and reduce soil greenhouse gas emissions.

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