Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) root extract attenuates liver oxidative stress and inflammation induced by tramadol in male rats

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Tramadol is an opioid utilized as an analgesic for the management of moderate to severe pain. Prolonged administration of tramadol can elicit several harmful effects. This study intended to assess the potential therapeutic effect of ashwagandha root extract (ARE) against the liver damage induced by chronic tramadol treatment in male rats. This research utilized forty adult male rats. The rats were randomly assigned to four groups (n = 10): the control group, the ARE-supplemented group (300 mg/kg), the tramadol-treated group (25 mg/kg), and the tramadol-treated group subsequently supplemented with ARE. Twenty-eight days after the initial treatments for each treatment, the rats were slaughtered to obtain blood samples, followed by dissection for obtaining the liver. Rats treated with tramadol demonstrated substantial elevations in blood liver enzymes (AST, ALT, and LDH), as well as heightened liver oxidative stress and inflammation. Following ARE administration, liver enzyme levels significantly approached normalcy, and tramadol-induced oxidative stress was substantially alleviated, as indicated by a dramatic decrease in liver MDA levels and an increase in the activities of TAC, CAT, and GST. Furthermore, ARE significantly reduced the levels of hepatic inflammatory markers: IL-1β, TNF-α, COX-2, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Additionally, ARE treatment substantially eradicated the liver histological traits and considerably reduced the expression of nuclear factor-kappa B 1 induced by tramadol. Our findings indicate that Withania somnifera root extract efficiently alleviate tramadol-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and liver dysfunction in male rats.

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