Dual-Functional PTX@Fe₃O₄ Nanobubbles: A Novel Theranostic Platform for Enhanced Ultrasound Imaging and Controlled Drug Delivery in Breast Cancer

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Purpose: This study aimed to develop a novel theranostic nanoplatform that integrates ultrasound imaging and controlled drug delivery for the treatment of breast cancer. Methods: PTX@Fe₃O₄ nanobubbles (NBs) were synthesised via microfluidics. Characterisation included transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, drug release kinetics, phantom imaging and biocompatibility assays in vitro and in mice. Results: The NBs exhibited uniform size (178 ± 12 nm), high drug loading (8.3%) and pH/ultrasound-responsive release (68.2% at pH 5.5+US). Ultrasound signal enhancement correlated linearly with concentration (R² = 0.988), with imaging duration three times longer than SonoVue. The system exhibited minimal haemolysis (<2%) and low cytotoxicity and induced S-phase arrest (68.2%) in MCF-7 cells. No significant toxicity was observed in mice at 10 mg Fe/kg. Conclusion: PTX@Fe₃O₄ NBs represent a promising, biocompatible theranostic platform for image-guided breast cancer therapy.

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