Shape variations of distal humerus based on geometric morphometric analysis

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BACKGROUND The humerus is a bone commonly used in daily work and sports activities, and therefore, it is often traumatized. Especially in the reconstruction of humeral fractures, the knowledge of individual differences as well as sex and side differences has gained importance in patient-specific treatments. In this study, we aimed to investigate the bone shapes and shape differences in the distal end of dry humerus bone using geometric morphometry. METHODS Thirty-four (18 right, 16 left) dry humerus bones of unknown age and sex were used in this study. All specimens were photographed from posterior and inferior views in standardised positions, and homologous landmarks were assigned. Geometric morphometric analysis of the landmarks using x and y coordinates was performed with MorphoJ 1.08.01. Sex estimation of the bones was performed using the Rogers method, which is recognised in the literature. RESULTS Sex and side differences in the humerus were determined by shape analysis using geometric morphometric methods to determine the variations of landmarks in the bones. DISCUSSION The literature generally reported variation in the epicondylar region and the borders of the olecranon fossa. This study showed that the epicondylar regions are the areas most affected by variation in terms of individual, sex and side. However, variations around the olecranon fossa and trochlea of the humerus were relatively less.

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