Prussian Blue Analogues and Their Derivatives for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction: A Review on Active Site Engineering Strategies

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The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is a kinetic bottleneck in electrochemical water splitting, creating an urgent need for the development of efficient electrocatalysts. Prussian blue analogues (PBAs), a significant class of inorganic coordination polymers, have emerged as excellent precursors and pre-catalysts for preparing various OER nanocatalysts, owing to their numerous advantages such as tunable composition, controllable morphology, and structural derivability. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in PBA-based OER electrocatalysts, beginning with two core strategies: enhancing active site accessibility and utilization, and improving the intrinsic activity of each active site. We provide an in-depth discussion of the design principles for enhancing active site accessibility and utilization through constructing porous architectures, creating hierarchical porosity, and improving electrical conductivity. The review also details key approaches for improving intrinsic activity, including regulating electronic structure via elemental doping and optimizing active sites via defect engineering, while examining the underlying mechanisms for performance enhancement. Finally, current challenges and future research directions are outlined, offering a perspective on the potential applications of PBA-based catalysts in sustainable energy conversion systems.

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