Nano-Encapsulated Cumin Oil and Bacillus subtilis Enhance Growth Performance, Immunity, Oxidative Stability, and Intestinal Integrity in Growing Rabbits Under High Ambient Temperature

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The study evaluated the influence of dietary supplementation with nano-encapsulated cumin oil, B. subtilis, or a combination of both to mitigate the impacts of heat stress on the performance and health of growing rabbits. In the feeding trial, a total of eighty-four growing New Zealand White (35 days, 781.3 ± 1.8 g average body weight) were randomly distributed in a completely randomized design into four groups; each had 21 rabbits arranged in 7 replicates (3 rabbits each). The experiment lasted 42 days (35 days to 77 days). Growing rabbits received a basal diet (first group, CON) without additives, while the other groups were supplemented with nano-encapsulated cumin oil (NECO, 200 mg/kg), B. subtilis (BS, 500 mg/kg), or both (BSNO, 500 mg BS plus 200 mg/kg NECO). Adding BSNO significantly enhanced body weight gain, carcass weight, and feed conversion ratio and reduced mortality rate (p < 0.05). Additionally, the BSNO enhanced digestive system performance by increasing the secretion of trypsin enzymes, as well as nutrient digestibility, especially for protein and fiber (p < 0.05). Supplementing BSNO enhanced oxidative stability and immunity via higher levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), IgA, IgG, triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and lower malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (p < 0.05), indicating a better ability to adapt to stress. During the examination of gut health, pathogenic bacteria counts decreased, as well as down-regulation of interleukin-6 (IL-6) gene expression and up-regulation of cationic amino acid transporter-1 (CAT-1), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and mucin-2 (MUC-2) gene expression (p < 0.05), supporting gut integrity. This study highlights the potential of mixing nano-encapsulated cumin oil and B. subtilis in growing rabbits’ diets as an effective strategy to counteract the negative effects of heat stress caused by high ambient temperatures.

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