Phytochemical profiling and evaluation of antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activities of endemic Onosma angustissima

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This study reports the first comprehensive phytochemical and biological evaluation of ethanol and supercritical CO2 extracts from the aerial parts of the endemic Onosma angustissima (Boraginaceae) native to the Irano-Turanian region. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) identified 21 compounds in the ethanol extract, with linoleic acid (10.62%), phytol (8.18%), β-sitosterol (6.45%), and palmitic acid (5.63%) as major constituents. Supercritical CO2 extraction (ScCO2-E) under different pressures (100 and 150 bar) yielded pressure-dependent variations in key flavonoids and phenolics, including naringenin, rutin, luteolin, and cyranoside, as revealed by LC–MS/MS. Antioxidant activity assessed by DPPH and reducing power assays showed that the ethanol extract had 60.29% DPPH scavenging activity, while the 150-bar extract (O150) displayed stronger potency (IC50 < 200 µg/mL). Both extracts exhibited antimicrobial effects, notably against Enterococcus faecalis (MIC = 62.5 µg/mL for ScCO2 extracts), and cytotoxicity toward MCF-7 breast cancer cells, with O150 reducing cell viability to 49% at 800 µg/mL. The results highlight O. angustissima, traditionally used against inflammation and infections, as a promising natural source of antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer agents, particularly in its supercritical CO2 extract form.

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