Defect and Interface Engineering in Electrochemical Pseudocapacitors Based on Carbon

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Carbon, with its distinctive physical, chemical, and electronic properties, has been widely explored as a functional material for electrochemical energy storage and conversion systems. This chapter explores defect engineering in carbon materials and its impact on energy storage and electrocatalysis. By introducing controlled defects, carbon matrices exhibit enhanced electronic properties, increased active sites, and improved redox reactions, leading to superior battery performance and catalytic activity. We review different types of defects, strategies for their introduction, and advanced characterization techniques, emphasizing their structure–property relationships. Furthermore, we discuss recent experimental and theoretical advancements that provide insights into defect engineering. This chapter aims to offer guidance for the large-scale application of defect-rich carbon materials in electrochemical pseudocapacitor systems.

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