Green Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles Using Vachellia seyal Extract: A Comparative Physicochemical Study with Ascorbic Acid and Sodium Borohydride

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The green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) offers an eco-friendly and biocompatible alternative to conventional methods, which often involve toxic reagents. In this study, AgNPs were synthesized via chemical reduction using three different reducing agents: sodium borohydride (NaBH4), ascorbic acid, and a Vachellia seyal plant extract. UV-Visible spectroscopy confirmed the formation of AgNPs, with characteristic surface plasmon resonance bands observed at 430 nm for all three reducing agents. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) analysis revealed average particle sizes of 18.69 ± 0.04 nm with a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.639 for NaBH4, 42.44 ± 5.37 nm with a PDI of 0.234 ± 0.074 for ascorbic acid, and 129.53 ± 0.57 nm with a PDI of 0.092 ± 0.016 for V. seyal extract. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) confirmed spherical morphology and sizes consistent with DLS measurements. These results indicate that the reducing strength of the agents significantly influences nanoparticle size and distribution. The V. seyal extract enabled the successful green synthesis of AgNPs with good size stability, highlighting its potential for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications.

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