The Antiproliferative Activity of Tatridin A Against Prostate Cancer Cells Is Lost in Acid Medium by Transformation to Desacetyl-β-Cyclopyrethrosin

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Background: Prostate cancer (PC) progression is strongly driven by dysregulated signaling pathways, with NF-κB playing a central role. Sesquiterpene lactones have been reported to modulate this pathway. This study evaluated and compared the cytotoxic effects of two structurally distinct sesquiterpene lactones: Tatridin A, a germacranolide, and desacetyl-β-cyclopyrethrosin, a eudesmanolide derivative. Their mechanisms of action were also examined, focusing on oxidative stress induction and NF-κB modulation. Methods: Chemical structures were confirmed by NMR and X-ray crystallography. Cytotoxicity was assessed in DU-145 and 22Rv1 PC cells using real-time cell analysis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) were measured with fluorometric assays. NF-κB activity was determined in THP-1 reporter cells and by Western blot of IκBα phosphorylation. Results: Tatridin A markedly reduced viability, showing lower IC50 values (81.4 ± 2.7 µM in DU-145 and 50.7 ± 1.9 µM in 22Rv1 cells) than desacetyl-β-cyclopyrethrosin (166.9 ± 3.2 µM and 290.3 ± 8.3 µM, respectively). It also inhibited proliferation at markedly lower concentrations, with clonogenic IC50 values of 7.7 µM in DU-145 and 5.24 µM in 22Rv1cells. Both compounds increased ROS, but tatridin A induced earlier and stronger responses and ΔΨm loss. Furthermore, tatridin A more effectively inhibited NF-κB signaling than classical inhibitors. Conclusions: Tatridin A exerts cytotoxic effects through oxidative stress, mitochondrial impairment, and NF-κB inhibition, supporting the therapeutic potential of germacranolides for the treatment of advanced PC.

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