GOFlowLLM - Curating miRNA literature with Large Language Models and flowcharts

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Abstract The exponential growth of non-coding RNA research—with over 230,000 papers published since 2000—has created an urgent knowledge management crisis in molecular biology. Despite their crucial regulatory roles, microRNAs (miRNAs) face a significant curation bottleneck, with only 1,400 articles manually curated to the Gene Ontology (GO) knowledgebase over a decade. We present GOFlowLLM, an automated curation pipeline powered by reasoning-enabled Large Language Models (LLMs) that follows established GO curation flowcharts to extract and structure miRNA-mediated gene silencing data at scale. When evaluated on existing curation, GOFlowLLM selects the correct GO term in 90% of cases. Curators also agree with 95% of the system’s reasoning steps and 90% of the evidence selected. Applied to 6,996 previously uncurated articles, our system identified 2,538 new candidate GO annotations on 1,785 articles in just 58 hours—potentially doubling the available miRNA GO curation. Manual review of a subset of these annotations shows that curators agreed with the selected term in 87% of cases, the model’s reasoning in 92% of cases, and the extracted evidence in 93%. GOFlowLLM demonstrates how LLMs can significantly accelerate biocuration while maintaining high-quality standards by following expert-designed reasoning frameworks. The integration of reasoning traces in our system provides transparent justification for annotations that can be reviewed by human curators, addressing one of the key challenges in adopting AI for scientific curation, potentially transforming how we manage the growing corpus of scientific knowledge in molecular biology. GoFlowLLM is available on github: https://github.com/RNAcentral/GO_Flow_LLM .

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