Rehabilitation Protocols and Functional Outcomes in Oncological Patients Treated with Modular Megaprosthesis: A Systematic Review

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BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Bone reconstruction using megaprostheses is increasingly performed following bone tumour resections, including sarcomas, to enhance patient outcomes and quality of life. However, this is a complex patient group, and there is little consensus as to postoperative rehabilitation and associated outcomes. METHODS: A systematic search was conducted in MEDLINE and EMBASE databases according to the Implementing Prisma in Exercise, Rehabilitation, Sport medicine and SporTs science (PERSiST) guidelines. Studies describing rehabilitation protocols and functional outcomes following bone tumour resection and modular oncologic megaprosthesis reconstruction were included. All papers were individually assessed for methodological quality using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tool. RESULTS: The search generated 105 records, 28 underwent full-text review, and 13 studies were included. Available data reflect 371 patients with a mean age of 49.17 (S.D. 21.40) years and a mean postoperative follow-up of 41.88 (S.D. 32.88) months. Surgical indications were documented as sarcomas in 9 studies, and tumour metastasis to the bone in 10 studies. Rehabilitation protocols were reported in 5 studies following proximal humerus resection with a mean dislocation rate of 14.5% (S.D. 5.26). All protocols advised brace immobilisation for a period ranging between 10 days and 6 months. Superior Constant-Murley shoulder score was reported in patients with early active isometric exercises at 6 weeks. Six studies reported proximal femur prosthesis rehabilitation and functional outcomes, with a mean dislocation rate of 10% (S.D. 9.82). Enhanced outcomes were reported in studies employing early mobilisation. Two studies assessed distal femur prosthesis; both studies reported similar protocols with full weight bearing 3 weeks following surgery. The methodological quality of the studies varied, but was overall modest, with 10/13 studies meeting at least 50% of JBI reporting criteria. CONCLUSIONS: The existing literature on rehabilitation and outcomes in orthopaedic oncology patients following arthroplasty with megaprosthesis is limited, with rehabilitative protocols variably described. However, it seems that early active mobilisation does not increase the risk of joint dislocations or infections.

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