Examining differences in postpartum depression, anxiety, and stress levels among women in the first six months after birth based on breastfeeding patterns using subjective and objective measures: A national representative sample from Jordan

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OBJECTIVE: Studies have reported a lower incidence of postpartum depression, anxiety, and perceived stress among exclusive breastfeeding mothers compared to non-exclusive and formula-feeding mothers. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the protective action of exclusive breastfeeding against these mental disorders remain unclear. This study examined the differences between exclusive and non-exclusive breastfeeding mothers in terms of postpartum depression, anxiety, and perceived stress, measured subjectively and objectively (based on cortisol, immunoglobulin A, and ghrelin saliva levels). METHODS: A cross-sectional comparative design was used. Data were collected using a convenience sample of 221 mothers who were recruited from three main cities across Jordan. RESULTS: The study revealed that cortisol (P = 0.044) and immunoglobulin A saliva (P = 0.028) levels were significantly lower among exclusively breastfeeding mothers. No other significant differences were observed. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study demonstrated that cortisol and immunoglobulin levels were significantly better among exclusively breastfeeding mothers. The study provides valuable insights and recommendations that can inform breastfeeding and research practices in this population.

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