Perspective Chapter: Comprehensive Overview of Electrochemical Sensors – Advanced Functional Materials, Surface Modification Techniques, Emerging Applications, and Computational Modeling

Le résumé fourni par la source

Recent advances in electrochemical sensors have considerably enhanced their performance and broadened their application scope. The introduction of advanced functional materials such as nanostructures, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), and graphene-based composites has improved sensor sensitivity, selectivity, and stability, enabling the detection of trace-level analytes. Innovative surface modification strategies, such as electrode functionalization, bioconjugation, and self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), have optimized sensor interfaces, improving performance and biorecognition capabilities. These advancements have led to the emergence of new applications in point-of-care diagnostics, smart wearable biosensors, food safety monitoring, and environmental remediation. The continuous integration of novel materials and fabrication techniques is driving the evolution of electrochemical sensors toward more sensitive, selective, and cost-effective devices for a wide range of practical and societal challenges. The density functional theory (DFT), incorporating the quantum theory of atom in molecules (QTAIM) and non-covalent interaction (NCI) analysis, has been employed to investigate ZIF-8 as a model system. These approaches underscore the efficacy of these theoretical methods in complementing experimental findings for sensor device applications.

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