CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing systems for enhancing secondary metabolite biosynthesis via reproductive tissue modification

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The CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing system has emerged as a transformative tool in plant genetic engineering, enabling precise genomic modifications to enhance secondary metabolite biosynthesis. This review explores the applications of CRISPR technology in modifying the genetic factors of reproductive tissues and organs to improve the production and potency of bioactive compounds in medicinal plants. The reproductive organs of plants play a crucial role in metabolite synthesis, as they are rich in alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenes, and phenolics, which exhibit various therapeutic benefits. By targeting key regulatory genes like SOC1, DOG1, CYP71D8, and CYP719B in reproductive organ development, CRISPR enhances traits such as flowering time, fertility, and seed composition, leading to improved metabolite yield and plant resilience. Case studies on Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa, Zea mays, Solanum lycopersicum, and Ocimum sanctum have highlighted the successful implementation of CRISPR in optimizing plant characteristics. Moreover, this review discusses the challenges in CRISPR application, including off-target effects, efficiency optimization, and ethical considerations in different regulatory frameworks. The advancement of CRISPR-Cas9-based approaches holds significant potential for sustainable medicinal plant production, offering precise and rapid genetic improvements over conventional breeding techniques. By integrating CRISPR into plant biotechnology, future research will be able to enhance the therapeutic value and sustainability of medicinal plants further, addressing global demands for natural bioactive compounds. Graphical abstract

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