A Comprehensive Framework for Parkinson's Disease Detection Using Spiral Drawings and Advanced Machine Learning Techniques

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OBJECTIVE: This study aims to create a reliable and scalable framework for detecting Parkinson's disease (PD) using spiral drawings. It integrates advanced machine learning techniques to improve diagnostic accuracy and practical application in clinical settings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Spiral drawing data were collected from a comprehensive dataset, including samples from both Parkinson's patients and healthy individuals. Three deep learning models-ResNet50, VGG16, and EfficientNetB0-were used to extract detailed patterns from the drawings. To enhance model performance, four feature selection techniques were applied: Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE), Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO), and ANOVA. Six different classifiers (Support Vector Machine [SVM], Random Forest [RF], Multi-Layer Perceptron [MLP], XGBoost, CatBoost, and voting classifiers) were tested. The system's diagnostic accuracy was measured using four metrics: accuracy, sensitivity, F1-score, and AUC-ROC. Heatmaps and ROC curves were created to visualize the results. RESULTS: The models achieved high classification performance with different configurations. For example, ResNet50 with PCA and MLP reached the highest accuracy (98%) and AUC-ROC (97%). Similarly, SVM with PCA achieved accuracy (92%) and AUC-ROC (98%). For VGG16, combining LASSO with XGBoost resulted in high F1-scores (90%) and AUC-ROC (93%), while the voting classifiers with PCA achieved an AUC-ROC of 98%. EfficientNetB0 combined with RFE and XGBoost delivered exceptional accuracy (98%) with robust overall metrics. CatBoost with LASSO achieved balanced performance, showing high sensitivity (89%) and AUC-ROC (96%). Ensemble methods, like voting classifiers, consistently provided strong AUC-ROC values but showed variability in accuracy and sensitivity compared to individual classifiers like MLP and SVM. CONCLUSIONS: The study demonstrated that combining advanced techniques for feature extraction, selection, and classification can significantly improve PD detection accuracy. Future research should focus on integrating multiple data sources and exploring real-time applications to enhance scalability and clinical utility.

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