Biopolymer-based carbon conductive inks for printed electronics: a comprehensive review

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Abstract The soaring use of electronic products driven by technological advancements is one of the major environmental concerns due to the growing accumulation of E-waste. Printed electronics (PE), known for their lower environmental impact, serve as a sustainable alternative to traditional electronics manufacturing, especially in response to the growing demand for low-cost, flexible devices. The expanding field of PE facilitates the use of different printing technologies and conductive inks that incorporate metal, polymer, and carbon-based fillers. Among various strategies, the production of environmentally friendly conductive ink focuses on carbon-based inks, even though its electrical conductivity is less when compared to that of metals. The increased interest in the development of carbon-based inks is mainly due to their natural abundance, production from renewable biomass sources, low toxicity, and attractive mechanical properties. The use of biopolymers influences the stability, dispersion, viscosity, surface tension, and adhesiveness of conductive carbon inks, like other synthetic binders. However, their distinct advantage lies in being derived from renewable sources and their inherent biodegradability, making them an ideal choice. This review explores the role of various biopolymers like cellulose and its derivatives, chitosan, sodium alginate, PLA, and other biopolymers as additives and binders in carbon-based inks and examines their influence on ink properties. Moreover, the review addresses the current challenges in utilizing biopolymer-based carbon inks and explores potential future research toward improving them. Graphical abstract

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