Characterization of Impaction Forces during Femoral Broaching in Dogs Undergoing BFX Total Hip Replacement: A Cadaveric Study

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Introduction: Limited data exist on the impact forces and strike numbers required for femoral broaching during BFX THR. These data are essential for research intended to improve broaching. This study aimed to: (1) mechanically characterize canine broach impaction and (2) assess the effect of surgeon position during broaching on impaction force and strike number to support ongoing biomechanical studies and clinician training. Materials and Methods: Canine cadavers underwent routine BFX stem placement following standard technique. A surgical mallet, instrumented with a piezoelectric force sensor, recorded impaction forces using two surgeon positions: backhand (surgeon dorsal) and forehand (surgeon caudal). One experienced surgeon performed all impactions. Data were recorded for the final two broach sizes. A clinically relevant target force range for in vitro studies was defined by ±15% of the median forehand (caudal) strike with the final broach. Results: For the final broach size, a mean of 39 strikes were required in the dorsal phase with an average impaction force of 1.74 kN ± 1.01, a median of 1.65 kN, and a maximum of 4.53 kN. In the caudal phase, 45 strikes were required with an average of 4.65 kN ± 2.79, a median of 3.60 kN, and a maximum of 9.35 kN. The clinically relevant target range was determined to be 3.06 to 4.14 kN. Discussion/Conclusion: This study provides important data for canine femoral broaching, reporting differences between dorsal and caudal strikes. These findings aid in developing biomechanical models and enhanced THR training, though additional studies are needed to assess surgeon and patient variability. Acknowledgment Funded by the Ginn Fund, Texas A&M University. Special thanks to undergraduate researchers Rebecca Bates and Monica Raumaker for their assistance on this project. Publication History Article published online: 15 July 2025 © 2025. Thieme. All rights reserved. Georg Thieme Verlag KG Oswald-Hesse-Straße 50, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany

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