Estimation of CFC-11 emissions from coal combustion in China

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Abstract. The trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11) emission from its production and use (PAU) has drawn wide attention, while its combustion sources have been overlooked. This study identified CFC-11 emission factors (EFs) as 3.6, 3.2, and 0.025 mg kg⁻1 from the combustion of domestic chunk coal, honeycomb briquette, and coal-fired power plant, respectively. A multi-year (2000~2021) emission inventory of CFC-11 from coal combustion was established in China. Results indicated that its annual emission averaged 233.5 t yr⁻1. It exhibited fluctuations and held an overall upward trend, increasing from accounting for 0.8 % of PAU emissions in 2000 to 9.8 % in 2021, with the peak value appearing in 2016. In Shandong and Hebei provinces with high coal consumption amounts, the CFC-11 emissions from coal combustion increased by approximately 74 % during 2014~2017 compared to 2011~2012. At the Gosan station close to Chinese mainland, CFC-11 emitted from coal combustion in Hebei and Shandong was approximately occupied by ~30 % of its average concentration during January 2016. An additional climate effect of the clean heating and coal-to-electricity policies in China was also observed, with an obvious decrease (2.2×106 t and 3.4×107 t) of CO2-equivalent emission. This study provides substantial evidence of CFC-11 emission from coal combustion and highlights the role of combustion emission under the background of reducing CFC-11 from PAU. The data compiled in this work can found at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.28523063 (Niu et al., 2025).

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