Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) waste extract

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Abstract Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) exhibit significant potential to inhibit microbial growth and demonstrate strong toxicity against microorganisms on artificial surfaces, including those exposed to seawater. The green synthesis of AgNPs offers a sustainable approach with applications in various fields, particularly in active packaging. In this study, AgNPs were synthesised using tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) waste extract as a reducing and stabilising agent through a biological synthesis method. The synthesised AgNPs were characterised using several analytical techniques. Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy confirmed their formation by detecting a distinct surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy identified functional groups responsible for reducing Ag+ ions to Ag0. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the crystalline structure and spherical shape of the nanoparticles, while optical microscope analysis revealed spherical particle sizes smaller than 1 μm. The total flavonoid and phenolic content, along with total antioxidant capacity, demonstrated that the tomato waste extract obtained by maceration (TWEM) acts as a powerful antioxidant and free radical scavenger. The synthesised AgNPs exhibited notable antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Escherichia coli, as well as antifungal activity against Penicillium sp. and Aspergillus niger. These findings suggest that AgNPs derived from tomato waste extracts can serve as effective, economical, antibacterial, and antifungal agents for diverse applications, including active packaging and environmental protection.

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