Direct polarized luminescence from perovskite superlattices by manipulating transition dipole moment orientation

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Linearly polarized light with electric field oscillations confined to a fixed plane, plays a critical role in numerous applications such as bioimaging, anti-counterfeiting technology and three-dimensional displays (Geng, 2013;Cunningham, 2016;Bloxham, 2021;Song et al., 2025). This polarizationdependent phenomenon enables selective material interactions while suppressing isotropic background signals, thereby achieving remarkable signal-to-noise ratios exceeding conventional limits. Traditional approaches relying on external polarizers, however, inevitably suffer from substantial energy losses (>50%) (Srivastava et al., 2017;Wang et al., 2021), fundamentally limiting their applicability in energy-efficient devices. Such limitations have driven intensive research into directly generating polarized emission from the emissive layer of light-emitting diodes (LEDs), which promises to circumvent these efficiency bottlenecks.The polarization characteristics of luminescence material are fundamentally governed by the transition dipole moment (TDM) orientation. Although the LEDs based on organic molecules with aligned TDMs can perform linearly polarized electroluminescence (EL), the degree of polarization (DOP) achieved actually was limited until now (<40%) (Culligan et al., 2003;Geng et al., 2003). On the other hand, anisotropic inorganic nanocrystals (e.g., nanorods, nanoplatelets) exhibit exceptional single-particle photoluminescence polarization with DOP values exceeding 70% (Scott et al., 2017). Nevertheless, the transition from individual nanocrystals to functional films introduces critical challengesrandomized orientation distributions during solution processing dramatically degrade macroscopic polarization characteristics. This fundamental limitation highlights the urgent need for developing novel material systems capable of maintaining aligned TDM orientations in macroscopic assemblies.Colloidal perovskite nanocrystals have recently emerged as a paradigm-shifting material platform, combining solution processability with exceptional optoelectronic properties including near-unity quantum yields and spectral tunability across the visible spectrum (Wu et al., 2018;Ko et al., 2025;Ma et al., 2025). Of particular significance is their unique excitonic fine structure, characterized by bright triplet states with enhanced oscillator strengths (Michael A. Becker 2018), coupled with spontaneous self-assembly capabilities into orientationally ordered superlattices (Cui et al., 2021;Blach et al., 2022;Kumar et al., 2022). From a crystallographic perspective, perovskite superlattices are macroscopic quantum state materials formed by the periodic arrangement of perovskite nanocrystals acting as "artificial atoms" in two-dimensional or three-dimensional space (Boles et al., 2016). The synthesis techniques for perovskite superlattices can be divided into three main categories based on principle: self-assembly, solid-phase synthesis, and epitaxial growth (Lei et al., 2022;Li et al., 2024;Blach et al., 2025;Liang et al., 2025). These methods enable fabrication of superlattices with high structural order and tunable optical properties. These inherent attributes position perovskite superlattices as a transformative platform for realizing polarized emission sources without requiring external polarization optics. This paper introduces the strategies for manipulating TDM orientation and highlight the breakthroughs in this emerging field. In addition, critical challenges toward practical implementation of ultra-bright polarized LEDs are further discussed.The photon emission characteristics in halide perovskite nanocrystals are mediated by the TDMs strength and orientation (Scott et al., 2017;Liu et al., 2025a). Specifically, the TDM is a vector quantity that describes the strength and direction of the electric dipole transition responsible for light absorption or emission in a material. It is correlated with the electronic Bloch states and represents the coupling between the initial and final electronic states during an optical transition. The modulus square of the transition electric dipole moment is proportional to the transition probability, and its direction determines the polarization direction of the emission. (Hu et al., 2001;Scott et al., 2017;Marcato et al., 2022).Emitters located within the sample plane (x-y plane) can possess both out-of-plane (OP) dipoles oriented along the z-axis and in-plane (IP) dipoles. The OP and IP dipoles contribute differently to sand p-polarized emission: s-polarization contains only radiation from IP dipoles because the electric field oscillates perpendicular to the plane of incidence, which aligns with the IP dipole orientation. However, p-polarization contains contributions from both IP and OP dipoles since the electric field oscillates in the plane of incidence (Figure 1a). The relative contributions of these dipoles strongly influence the radiation patterns of emitters. As shown in Figure 1b, the radiation intensity patterns are derived by convolving the TDM distribution |μ(θ,ϕ)| 2 with the radiation pattern of a Hertzian dipole (Scott et al., 2017). Thus, the TDM directly influences the polarization direction and intensity of emitted light.Taking into account the interplay of electronic structure, dielectric environment and orientational distributions (Figure 1e), many strategies engineered for fine-tuning TDM orientation to enhance the emission anisotropy (Cui et al., 2021;Kumar et al., 2022;Marcato et al., 2022;Xu et al., 2023;Liu et al., 2025b;Shi et al., 2025): 1) nanocrystals geometry. Numerous theoretical and experimental researches suggest that the TDMs of anisotropic nanocrystals with reduced dimensions, especially nanoplatelets, possess high orientation compared with dots, depicted in Figure . 1c (Achtstein et al., 2012;Schuller et al., 2013;Scott et al., 2016;Scott et al., 2017). Additionally, the thickness and lateral dimensions of NPLs regulate the anisotropy of Bloch states, quantum confinement, and exciton fine structure, which collectively tune the TDM orientation in electronic structure level. 2) Dielectric environment. Dielectric confinement effects modify the exciton fine structure by altering the spatial distribution and energy levels of excitons within perovskite nanocrystals. This dielectric anisotropy impacts the anisotropy of the Bloch states and consequently the TDM orientation. Variations in the local dielectric environment, such as changes in the surrounding matrix or substrate, can thus modulate the exciton radiative properties and the balance between IP and OP dipole components. For instance, (Scott et al., 2017) (e) The physical origins of tunable TDM orientation. Adapted from (Marcato et al., 2022). Polarization dependences of the PL (f) and EL (g) for CsPbI3 nanocrystals with different geometry and FAPbI3 bulk, respectively. Adapted from (Ye et al., 2024).when consider oleic acid ligands surrounding, the emission becomes even more directed for NPLs (Figure 1d) (Scott et al., 2017). 3) Ordered assembly. Assembly dictates TDM anisotropy by controlling nanocrystals orientation and interactions. Ordered structures enhance anisotropy through aligned TDMs, while disordered systems exhibit isotropy. The specific assembly type, such as superlattice, and inter-particle coupling further modulate these effects. In this regard, Perovskite superlattices influence the transition dipole moment (TDM) primarily through their anisotropic dielectric environment and ordered assembly. The superlattice structure induces dielectric confinement and anisotropy, which modifies the local electric field distribution around the NCs, thereby affecting the orientation and magnitude of the TDM. Specifically, anisotropic NC superlattices rescale the radiation patterns of horizontal (in-plane) and vertical (out-of-plane) dipoles, enhancing light emission within the critical angle and improving light outcoupling efficiency (Ye et al., 2

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