In-cloud characteristics observed in northeastern and midwestern US non-orographic winter storms with implications for ice particle mass growth and residence time

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The spatial distribution of surface snowfall accumulation is dependent on the 3D trajectories of ice particles and their residence times through regions of ice mass increases and decreases. We analyze 42 non-orographic, non-lake-effect winter storms in the northeastern and midwestern United States from the Investigation of Microphysics and Precipitation for Atlantic Coast-Threatening Snowstorms (IMPACTS) and Profiling of Winter Storms (PLOWS) field campaigns. In situ aircraft measurements (1 Hz, ∼ 100 m horizontal distance) yield key data on vertical air motions, relative humidity with respect to ice (RH ice ), and number concentration. When suitable airborne radar data are available, we sort the in situ measurements by distance from cloud radar echo top. In total, 90 % of updrafts (vertical air motion ≥0.5 m s −1 ) were ≤1.3 km across. Measurements obtained within 3 km of cloud echo top were nearly twice as likely (13 % versus 7 %) to have vertical velocities capable of lofting precipitation-sized ice compared to points sampled at lower levels. Below the near-cloud-top generating cell layer, most of the storm volume has RH ice ≤95 % consistent with sublimation. Rather than ice precipitation growth within broad areas of vertical air motions, observations indicate that ice growth in these storms primarily occurs episodically within layers of overturning cloud-top generating cells with scales ≤ a few kilometers. Below the generating cell layer, conditions for ice growth are rarer, and the ice particles usually either persist or shrink during most of their descent. The observed distributions of ambient in-cloud conditions provide benchmarks for evaluations of winter storm model output.

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