Supercritical fluid assisted extraction of volatile/ non-volatile concentrate from Nardostachys jatamansi (D.Don) DC: A comparative study of extraction yield, composition, and antimicrobial efficacy with hydrodistillation and NADES based approach

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Herein, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was employed to extract the volatile concentrate (VC) from Nardostachys jatamansi. The SFE resulted in the extraction of two distinct fractions from its roots i.e. a volatile concentrate (SFE-VC) with a yield of 6.06% (v/w) and a polar fraction (SFE-P) with a yield of 1.91% (w/w). The VC was subjected to gas chromatography (GC) and compared for yield and phytochemical composition with our previous study involving conventional hydrodistillation (C-HD) and natural deep eutectic solvent--assisted hydrodistillation (N-HD). Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) was used to analyse the polar fraction composition. Furthermore, all the fractions [extracted using SFE, C-HD, N-HDs (six EOs obtained using six different NADES combinations)] and the polar fraction (SFE-P) were evaluated for their antimicrobial potential, showing comparable inhibition percentages against E. coli and B. subtilis strains. Overall, SFE proved to be innovative, clean and environment-friendly method that showed high extraction efficiency for volatile constituents from N. jatamansi.

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