Analyzing Greenhouse Heating and Ventilation Scenarios for Temperature Setpoint Violations and Energy Usage by Means of an EnergyPlus Simulation

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ICT-based horticultural greenhouses are recognized as a potential solution to major challenges in modern agriculture, including food crises, climate change, and declining rural populations.As the proportion of heated greenhouse area has increased to 36%, the heating demand in greenhouses is expected to continue to expand.However, heating oil and electricity are primarily used for greenhouse environment control, with heated greenhouses using these energy sources accounting for 90% of the total area.Recent unstable energy supplies and rising costs have significantly increased the financial pressure on greenhouse operations, making it critical to develop better energy management strategies.This study develops an energy simulation model using EnergyPlus to optimize climate control strategies in a demonstration greenhouse located in Pyeongchang, Gangwon Province, Korea.The simulated temperatures were compared with the measured greenhouse temperatures to ensure the accuracy of the simulation.The results showed that the    and MBE values for the monthly period were within 30% and ±10%, respectively.Over the entire period, the model maintained a    outcome of 19.38% and MBE rate of 0.52%, showing acceptable margins of error between simulated and measured temperature values.Three different scenarios were simulated based on heating and ventilation setpoint temperatures, and the deviation of the simulated temperature from the setpoint range was quantitatively evaluated.In addition, electricity and oil consumption for heating were compared among the scenarios.The total simulated energy loads were 195,428 MJ, 255,913 MJ, and 223,608 MJ for Scenarios 1, 2, and 3, respectively, with Scenario 2 consuming the most energy.Similarly, oil consumption for heating

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