Structural evolution during sintering of additively manufactured stainless-steel objects through electron microscopy and positron annihilation lifetime measurements

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Abstract The mechanical properties of materials produced via Binder Jetting (BJ) strongly depend on their microscopic structures, which are influenced by processing conditions. This study examines the microscopic structural changes in austenitic low-carbon stainless steel during sintering, employing transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and the positron annihilation lifetime technique. Samples were annealed at temperatures ranging from 400 °C to 1375 °C under controlled conditions. Observations reveal particle sintering, vacancy clusters, Cr and Mo segregation, and austenitic crystal structure formation at higher temperatures. These findings offer valuable insights into the optimization of BJ processing conditions to improve mechanical performance.

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