Design and characterizations of copper-zirconium-titanium dioxide nanocubes for enhanced performance in plasmonic dye-sensitized solar cells

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Current research investigates the design and characterizations of advanced Cu/Zr/TiO 2 -based nanocubes for improved plasmonic dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC). The incorporation of Cu and Zr into the TiO 2 matrix significantly enhances charge carrier dynamics and light absorption due to localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) and optimized electronic band structure. The fabricated Cu/Zr/TiO 2 -based DSSCs achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 7.15 %, representing a 28.8 % improvement over pristine TiO 2 -based devices (5.80 %). The optimized nanocubes demonstrated a higher short-circuit current density (J SC = 17.37 mA/cm 2 ) and an improved open-circuit voltage (V OC = 0.73 V), attributed to enhanced charge injection and suppressed recombination losses. Time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) analysis confirmed an extended carrier lifetime, further supporting the improved photovoltaic performance. The findings confirm increased surface plasmon resonance, decreased charge recombination, and longer electron lifespan. In addition, the effects of copper and zirconium loading, thermal annealing, and dye sensitization on the efficiency of photovoltaic cells are thoroughly investigated. This study provides valuable insights into the structural and electronic enhancements of Cu/Zr co-doped TiO 2 nanocubes, demonstrating their potential as a promising material for next-generation plasmonic DSSCs.

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