Domestic Violence Against Women: A Comparative Review of Legal Frameworks and Social Responses in India, the USA, and the UK

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Domestic violence against women remains a persistent global issue, cutting across cultural, economic, and political boundaries.This paper presents a comparative review of the legal frameworks, institutional responses, and societal attitudes toward domestic violence in India, the United States, and the United Kingdom.Each of these democracies presents a unique perspective shaped by its legal traditions, societal structures, and gender norms.In India, the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005, provides civil remedies such as protection orders, residence rights, and monetary relief.However, deep-rooted patriarchal norms, underreporting, and implementation challenges continue to obstruct access to justice.In contrast, the United States has established the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA), which integrates strong federal support for shelters, legal aid, and law enforcement.Despite this, marginalized groups face disparities in enforcement and protection.The United Kingdom's Domestic Abuse Act, 2021, reflects a modern approach, recognizing not just physical violence but also coercive control, emotional abuse, and economic exploitation.Its multi-agency approach and focus on victim safety represent a progressive model.This review highlights the importance of a multi-dimensional strategy that combines legal reform, institutional accountability, and cultural transformation.Lessons from the USA and UK, particularly in recognizing psychological abuse and enforcing Journal of Advance Research in Science and Social Science (JARSSC)

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