An outlook and prospective on emergent technologies for 5-hydroxymethylfurfural synthesis- a renewable fuel additive

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In few decades, extensive study has been focused on biomass utilisation into value-added biochemicals, biofuels, and functional additives to pursue sustainable alternatives to fossil-derived products. Among the various bio-resourced platform chemicals, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) has attracted considerable interest owing to its multifaceted applications as a furan-based compound with high potential in producing biofuels, biopolymers, and other industrially relevant chemicals, making it a cornerstone of green chemistry. This review discusses the latest advancements in producing 5-HMF from renewable feedstocks like glucose, fructose, and sucrose. It examines the fundamental scientific principles and the latest technological advancements in this field. Integrating key aspects, including feedstock selection, catalytic systems, solvent environments, and process technologies, provides an outlook that spans both the thermochemical and biochemical routes. Some emerging technologies, such as microwave-assisted reactions, ionic liquid solvents, and metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), are also discussed for their potential to enhance reaction conditions. The review also explores the sustainability and economic viability of these methods, focusing on aspects such as recyclability, environmental impact, and product yield. It also provides insights into the technology readiness levels (TRLs) of various approaches and how these strategies might be used in real-world industrial settings. The article identifies key areas where further research is needed. It outlines future directions, offering a practical guide for researchers, engineers, and industry professionals seeking to scale up and commercialise eco-friendly, cost-effective methods for producing 5-HMF.

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