Enhanced catalytic degradation performance of tetracycline by NbCuO3-ZrO2 in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and visible light radiation

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• Design of catalyst NbCuO 3 -ZrO 2 was synthesized. • The photodegradation efficiency of NbCuO 3 -ZrO 2 to TC reached up to 93 %. • OH • and O 2 •- radicals were played the major role in the process of photodegradation. • The photocatalyst is found to be stable and efficient for several repeated cycles. In this study, considering the unique properties of niobium copper oxide for pollutant removal, the removal of tetracycline (TC) was investigated using niobium copper oxide and zirconium oxide (NbCuO 3 -ZrO 2 ) in the presence of visible light radiation. The catalysts were synthesized in the laboratory, and these catalysts were then employed for TC removal from aqueous solutions. Optimal conditions, defined as a pH of 3, a catalyst concentration of 0.2 g/L, an H 2 O 2 vol of 2 mL, and a TC concentration of 25 mg/L, yielded the highest TC removal efficiency, as demonstrated by the experimental results. The maximum removal efficiency for TC with ZrO 2 , NbCuO 3 , and ZrO 2 NbCuO 3 catalysts was 31.8 %, 88.5 %, and 93.6 %, respectively. The TC removal kinetics for all synthesized catalysts in the presence of visible light and hydrogen peroxide followed a first-order model. Moreover, reusability tests of the synthesized catalysts demonstrated that the removal efficiency of TC remained largely unaffected after five reuse cycles. The dominant mechanism for NbCuO 3 and ZrO 2 NbCuO 3 catalysts in TC removal involved the generation of OH radicals. The obtained results suggest that this process could be a viable and cost-effective option for removing TC from hospital wastewater and pharmaceutical effluents.

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