Association Between Early Menopause and Asthma/COPD Status: An Analysis of NHANES Data From 2017-2020

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Abstract Introduction: Menopause status is known to be associated with asthma and COPD. Previous studies have shown an association between early menopause and COPD, though findings regarding asthma have been inconsistent. However, data on the association between early menopause and asthma or COPD status remain very limited, and this association has not been reported in a nationally representative US population. The objective of this study was to examine the association between early menopause (onset of menopause ≤ 40 years old) and asthma/COPD status in the nationally representative population. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using a population from the 2017-2020 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The questionnaire collected self-reported data on the participants’ age of menopause and their asthma and COPD/emphysema/chronic bronchitis status. The relationship between these two parameters was analyzed by multivariate logistic regression analysis. Multivariate analysis adjusted for race, age, body mass index (BMI), and smoking status. Results: The study included 9,207 postmenopausal females with asthma status and 9,198 with COPD status. This study found that early menopause (onset of menopause ≤ 40 years old) significantly increased the risk of asthma by 1.52 times (95% CI: 1.25-1.85) and COPD by 2.24 times (95% CI: 1.80-2.80). After adjusting for confounders, the association remained statistically significant, with an OR (95% CI) of 1.31 (1.06-1.62) for asthma and 1.68 (1.30-2.16) for COPD. Racial disparities may affect the association differently: in multivariate analysis, Black individuals with early menopause had a 1.57-fold increased risk of asthma (95% CI: 1.10-2.25) and a 1.79-fold increased risk of COPD (95% CI: 1.11-2.89). In contrast, among White individuals, the increased risk of asthma was not statistically significant, and the risk of COPD was increased by a lower magnitude of 1.63 times (95% CI: 1.14-2.33). Conclusion: This study demonstrated an association between early menopause and asthma and COPD status in a US representative population, with racial disparities between White and Black populations potentially acting as effect modifiers in both groups. Further longitudinal studies are needed to better understand this relationship.

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