Forensic Nuclear DNA Markers

Le résumé fourni par la source

Forensic DNA markers have revolutionized the field of criminal investigations and legal proceedings, offering a powerful tool to connect individuals to crime scenes, resolve biological relationships, and identify missing persons or victims of mass disasters. Introduced in the mid-1980s, DNA analysis quickly developed into a cornerstone of forensic science, providing unmatched accuracy in solving complex cases ( Brinkmann et al., 1989 ). The uniqueness of DNA lies in the fact that only a small portion (approximately 0.3%) of the human genome differs among individuals. These differences are primarily due to the presence of highly repeated DNA sequences distributed across almost every chromosome, accounting for over 40% of the human genome. These repeated sequences, known as tandem repeats, vary based on the total length of the repeated region, the length of the repeated units, and the number of those units. Because these regions are generally located between genes, they can vary from person to person without impacting an individual’s health. This variability makes them ideal for forensic purposes, as they provide a distinct genetic fingerprint unique to everyone. The international scientific community has identified specific types of these repeated sequences, particularly minisatellites and microsatellites, as the most effective DNA markers for forensic applications. These markers play a crucial role in the precise identification and comparison of DNA samples, making them indispensable in modern forensic casework ( Butler, 2005 ).

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