Cardiac tamponade due to influenza B infection in a young immunocompetent female: A case report and review of literature

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Background: Influenza infections are recognized globally for their respiratory manifestations, but are less commonly associated with severe cardiovascular complications such as cardiac tamponade. The relationship between influenza infections, particularly influenza B, and cardiac complications such as myocarditis, pericarditis, and cardiac tamponade remains underexplored, particularly in immunocompetent individuals. Case summary: We report the case of a 22-year-old immunocompetent female who presented to the emergency department with acute shortness of breath, fatigue, and dizziness due to symptoms suggestive of an influenza-like illness. Laboratory and imaging findings revealed a large circumferential pericardial effusion suggestive of cardiac tamponade. Subsequent investigations confirmed influenza B infection. The patient was managed with pericardiocentesis, oseltamivir, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, colchicine, and supportive care, resulting in complete recovery. This case highlights the significance of considering influenza as a potential cause of acute cardiac complications and the importance of early diagnostic and therapeutic interventions to prevent morbidity and mortality. Discussion: The occurrence of cardiac tamponade secondary to influenza B infection in a young, immunocompetent female highlights the critical need to educate healthcare providers about the potential cardiovascular complications of influenza. The mechanisms underlying influenza-associated cardiac involvement may include direct viral invasion, systemic inflammation, and immune-mediated responses. Conclusion: This case contributes to the limited but growing body of literature on influenza-induced cardiac complications and highlights the importance of timely antiviral therapy alongside traditional management strategies for cardiac tamponade. Further research is needed to elucidate the pathophysiology of influenza-related cardiac complications and to provide guidelines for the management of such cases.

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