Multi‐Mode Hybrid Generator Utilizing Gravitational, Magnetic, and Inertial Forces Synergistically

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Abstract The summary has been shortened to the following: The integration of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) and electromagnetic generators (EMGs) is an effective strategy for constructing high‐performance blue energy harvesters. However, in conventional hybrid nanogenerators, TENGs and EMGs function independently, lacking a cooperative effect. This, combined with suboptimal spatial efficiency, restricts their overall output performance. In this study, a compact, multi‐mode hybrid generator (MMHG) is proposed composed of free standing TENGs, contact‐separation TENGs, and EMGs. These generators leverage the synergistic interaction between gravitational, magnetic, and inertial forces. On a six‐degree‐of‐freedom platform, the free‐standing TENG and the contact‐separation TENG achieve the maximum transferred charges of 83 and 187 nC respectively, while the EMG reachs peak open‐circuit voltage and short‐circuit current of 4.59 V and 1.94 mA, achieving a peak power density of 125.41 W m −3 . Triggered by water waves in lab, 5‐integrated MMHGs charge a 10 mF capacitor to 3.59 V within 158 s. In the real ocean, the free‐standing TENG and the contact‐separation TENG achieve maximum transferred charges of 81.17 and 184.7 nC respectively, with the EMG reaching maximum open‐circuit voltage and short‐circuit current of 2.87 V and 1.42 mA. The MMHG efficiently harvests ocean wave energy, serving as a good reference for the development of self‐powered marine devices.

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