Metal–organic framework–based delivery systems as nanovaccine for enhancing immunity against porcine circovirus type 2

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Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) has caused massive economic losses to the global pig farming industry. As emerging nanomaterials, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have considerable potential in drug and vaccine delivery because of their unique physicochemical properties. Based on the successful expression and identification of PCV2 antigens (Cap protein), this study exploits MOF platforms to design a nanovaccine delivery system (Cap@ZIF-8-CpG) as a novel subunit vaccine, which effectively enhances the resistance of antigens to denaturation and boosts immune responses against PCV2. Results demonstrate that mice injected with a nanovaccine efficiently incorporating PCV2 antigens (Cap) and an immune enhancer (CpG) elicit robust humoral immune responses. Notably, immunoglobulin G antibody titers are considerably elevated; cytokine secretion is augmented; and the proliferation of CD8 + cytotoxic T lymphocytes and CD4 + T cells is effectively stimulated. Following a viral challenge, the Cap@ZIF-8-CpG nanovaccine successfully protects the health of the mice, making them resistant to PCV2 infection. This study provides a new promising direction for the development of effective and long-lasting vaccines against PCV2 and other major swine pathogens. In this study, we have successfully isolated the PCV2 Cap protein and devised a novel MOFs-based nanovaccine delivery system ( Cap@ZIF-8-CpG ), as a subunit vaccine against PCV2. The system would effectively enhances the resistance of the antigen to denaturation, potently elicits humoral immune responses, markedly boosting the production of cytokines, facilitating T cell activation, and conferring long-term immune protection. The work hopes to lift the veil of effective and lasting vaccines, pointing to a optimistic avenue for the innovative vaccines. • A novel subunit vaccine ( Cap@ZIF-8-CpG ) was developed using a MOF-based delivery system. • Cap@ZIF-8-CpG vaccine provides a potent safeguard for antigens and markedly enhances humoral immune responses to PCV2. • The feasibility of MOF-based vaccines as an immune enhancement strategy has been investigated.

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