Plasma Lipidomics, Gut Microbiota Profile, and Phenotype of Adipose Tissue in an ApoE-/- Mouse Model of Plaque Instability

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Background: An appropriate animal model that can simulate the pathological process of atherosclerosis is urgently needed to improve treatment strategies. This study aimed to develop a new atherosclerosis model using ApoE-/- mice and to characterize lipidomics, gut microbiota profiles, and phenotypic alterations in adipose tissue using this model. Methods: After a 14- or 18-week high-fat diet (HFD), male ApoE-/- mice were randomly divided into four groups and treated separately with or without short-term and strong co-stimulation, including ice water bath and intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide and phenylephrine. As a control group, C57BL/6 mice were fed with conventional chow. The serum lipid levels, aortic arch pathology, adipose tissue phenotypic changes, plasma lipidomics, and 16S rDNA gene sequencing of colon feces were investigated. Results: The serum lipid levels were significantly lowered following extended HFD feeding for four weeks. However, co-stimulation increased serum interleukin (IL)-1β levels but did not affect serum lipid profiles. Co-stimulation revealed typical vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque characteristics and defective adipose hypertrophy associated with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) regulation in adipose tissue and a reduction in mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) within brown adipose tissue. Plasma lipidomic analysis showed that sphingomyelin (SM), ceramide (Cer), and monohexosylceramide (HexCer) levels in plasma were significantly elevated by HFD feeding, whereas co-stimulation further elevated HexCer levels. Additionally, glycerophosphocholines (16:0/16:0, 18:2/20:4, 18:1/18:1) and HexCer (C12:1, C16:0), Cer (d18:1/16:0), and SM (C16:0) were the most sensitive to co-stimulation. Combined co-stimulation and HFD-fed increased the abundance of Firmicutes, the abundance of f_Erysipelotrichaceae, and the Firmicutes/Bacteroidota ratio but decreased the abundance of microflora promoting bile acid metabolism and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in mouse feces. The results were consistent with the findings of epidemiologic atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease studies. Conclusions: This study established an ApoE-/- mouse atherosclerotic vulnerable plaque model using a multi-index evaluation method. Adipogenic disorders, dysregulation of lipid metabolism at the molecular level, and increasing harmful gut microbiota are significant risk factors for vulnerable plaques, with sphingolipid metabolism receiving the most attention.

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