Global, regional, and national burden of asthma and atopic dermatitis, 1990–2021, and projections to 2050: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Jiyeon Oh, Soeun Kim, Min Seo Kim, Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abate, Samar Abd ElHafeez, Atef F. I. Abdelkader, Parsa Abdi, Deldar Morad Abdulah, Richard Gyan Aboagye, Hassan Abolhassani, Dariush Abtahi, Hasan Abualruz, Eman Abu‐Gharbieh, Salahdein Aburuz, Mesafint Molla Adane, Isaac Yeboah Addo, Olumide Thomas Adeleke, Bashir Aden, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Saryia Adra, Muhammad U. Afzal, Sajjad Ahmad, Tauseef Ahmad, Ali Reza Ahmadi, Syed Anees Ahmed, Salah Thabit Al Awaidy, Mohamad Anas Al Bakour, Khurshid Alam, Mohammed ALBashtawy, Ayman A. Al-Eyadhy, Adel Ali Saeed Al-Gheethi, Fadwa Alhalaiqa, Syed Shujait Ali, Waad Ali, Sheikh Mohammad Alif, Samah W. Al‐Jabi, Jaber Saud Alqahtani, Mohammad Alqudah, Ahmad Alrawashdeh, Najim Z. Alshahrani, Zaid Altaany, Awais Altaf, Ala’a B. Al‐Tammemi, Khalid A Altirkawi, Nelson Alvis‐Guzmán, Hassan Alwafi, Mohammad Sami Al-Wardat, Yaser Mohammed Al‐Worafi, Hany Z. Aly, Mohammad Sharif Ibrahim Alyahya, Karem Hasan Alzoubi, Ganiyu Adeniyi Amusa, Adnan Ansar, Boluwatife Stephen Anuoluwa, Iyadunni Adesola Anuoluwa, Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor, Jalal Arabloo, Aleksandr Y. Aravkin, Demelash Areda, Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi, Tahira Ashraf, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Avinash Aujayeb, Lemessa Assefa A Ayana, Shahkaar Aziz, Ahmed Y. Azzam, Hiba Jawdat Barqawi, Amadou Barrow, Mohammad‐Mahdi Bastan, Kavita Batra, Priyamadhaba Behera, Payam Behzadi, Alice A Beneke, Alemshet Yirga Berhie, Kebede Abera Beyene, Priyadarshini Bhattacharjee, Jasvinder Singh Bhatti, Obasanjo Afolabi Bolarinwa, Souad Bouaoud, Yasser Khalil Bustanji, Nadeem Shafique Butt, Paulo Augusto Moreira Camargos, Luis Alberto Cámera, Andrea Carugno, Muthia Cenderadewi, Sonia Cerrai, Sandip Chakraborty, Jeffrey Shi Kai Chan, Rama Mohan Chandika, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Anis Ahmad Chaudhary, Esther T. W. Cheng, Fatemeh Chichagi, Ritesh Chimoriya, Patrick R Ching, Jesús Lorenzo Chirinos-Cáceres, Yuen Yu Chong, Hitesh Chopra, Dinh‐Toi Chu, Alexandru Corlăteanu, Natália Alves Martins, Alanna Gomes da Silva, Nour Dababo, Omid Dadras, Xiaochen Dai, Giovanni Battista Damiani, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Robert Paul Dellavalle, Amol S. Dhane, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne, Vishal R. Dhulipala, Marcello Di Pumpo, Michael Joseph Diaz, Adriana Dima, Delaney D Ding, Thanh Chi Mai, Thao Huynh Phuong Do, Ojas Prakashbhai Doshi, Aaron Mark Drucker, Oyewole Christopher Durojaiye, Abdel Rahman E’mar, Defi Efendi, Michael Ekholuenetale, Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo, Rabie Adel El Arab, Ibrahim Farahat El Bayoumy, Omar Abdelsadek Abdou El Meligy, Ahmed Elabbas Mustafa Elagali, Muhammed Elhadi, Ibrahim Elsohaby, Theophilus I. Emeto, Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe, Ayesha Fahim, Razana Faiz, Ildar Ravisovich Fakhradiyev, Ali Fatehizadeh, Pooria Fazeli, Timur Fazylov, Alireza Feizkhah, Nuno Bravo Ferreira, Getahun Fetensa, Florian Fischer, Marco Fonzo, Behzad Foroutan, Takeshi Fukumoto, Abduzhappar Gaipov, Aravind P. Gandhi, Rupesh Kumar Gautam, Miglas Welay Gebregergis, Mesfin Gebrehiwot, Teferi Gebru Gebremeskel, Genanew Kassie Getahun, Fataneh Ghadirian, Seyyed‐Hadi Ghamari, Maryam Gholamalizadeh, Richard F Gillum, Alem Girmay, Kimiya Gohari, Pouya Goleij, Shi‐Yang Guan, Damitha Asanga Gunawardane, Sapna Gupta, Najah R Hadi, Dariush Haghmorad, Rabih Halwani, Rifat Hamoudi, Eka Mishbahatul Marah Has, Ahmed I Hasaballah, Hamidreza Hasani, Md Saquib Hasnain, Nageeb Hassan, Simon Iain Hay, Behzad Heibati, Mohammad Amin Heidari, Majid Heydari, Ramesh Holla, Nobuyuki Horita, Hassan Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Tsegaye Gebreyes Hundie, Bing‐Fang Hwang, Adalia Ikiroma, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Irena Ilić, Mohammad Tarique Imam, Leeberk Raja Inbaraj, Md. Rabiul Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail, Zhanat Bakhitovna Ispayeva, Assefa N Iyasu, J Vinothini, Abdollah Jafarzadeh, Akhil Jain, Nityanand Jain, Ammar Abdulrahman Jairoun, Reza Jalilzadeh Yengejeh, Manthan Dilipkumar Janodia, Javad Javidnia, Shubha Jayaram, Jost Bruno Jonas, Nitin Joseph, Charity Ehimwenma Joshua, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, K Vaishali, Vidya Kadashetti, Feroze Kaliyadan, Edmund Wedam Kanmiki, Surya Kant, Hengameh Kasraei, Harkiran Kaur, Mohammad Keykhaei, Himanshu Khajuria, Faham Khamesipour, Maseer Khan, Moien AB Khan, Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh, Khalid A Kheirallah, Feriha Fatima Khidri, Sepehr Khosravi, Jagdish Khubchandani, Yun Jin Kim, Adnan Kısa, Sezer Kısa, KM Shivakumar, Farzad Kompani, Oleksii Korzh, Mohammed Kuddus, Claudia Elisabeth Kuehni, Ilari Kuitunen, Mukhtar Kulimbet, Vishnutheertha A Kulkarni, Dewesh Kumar, G Anil Kumar, Prakash Kumar, Rakesh Kumar, Vijay L. Kumar, Ambily Kuttikkattu, Chandrakant Lahariya, Kamaluddin Latief, Paolo Lauriola, Basira Kankia Lawal, Thao T. Le, Trang Diep Thanh Le, Caterina Ledda, Sang-woong Lee, Seung Won Lee, Yo Han Lee, Ming‐Chieh Li, Wei Li, Virendra S Ligade, Stephen S Lim, Queran Lin, Gang Liu, Wei Yong Liu, Xuefeng Liu, José Francisco López‐Gil, Mehrdad Mahalleh, Sandeep Bhupendra Maharaj, Golnaz Mahmoudvand, Azeem Majeed, Ahmad Azam Malik, Iram Malik, Roy Rillera Marzo, Clara N Matei, Alexander G. Mathioudakis, Navgeet Mathur, Indu Liz Matthew, Andrea Maugeri, Steven McPhail, Asim Mehmood, Tesfahun Mekene Meto, Hadush Negash Meles, Ritesh George Menezes, George A. Mensah, Tomislav Meštrović, Sachith Mettananda, Giuseppe Minervini, Erkin Mirsaidovich Mirrakhimov, Awoke Misganaw, Nouh Saad Mohamed, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Shafiu Mohammed, Hoda Mojiri-Forushani, Ali H. Mokdad, Lorenzo Monasta, AmirAli Moodi Ghalibaf, Vincent Mougin, Sumoni Mukherjee, Admir Mulita, Kavita Munjal, Efrén Murillo‐Zamora, Christopher J L Murray, Fungai Musaigwa, Ghulam Mustafa, Ganesh R. Naik, Soroush Najdaghi, Vinay B. Nangia, Delaram Narimani Davani, Gustavo G. Nascimento, Zuhair Saleh Natto, Javaid Nauman, Biswa Prakash Nayak, Mohammad Hadi Nematollahi, Nhien Ngoc Y Nguyen, Robina Khan Niazi, Amin Reza Nikpoor, Syed Toukir Ahmed Noor, Chisom Adaobi Nri-Ezedi, Fred Nugen, Mengistu Handiso Nunemo, Virginia Núñez-Samudio, Dieta Nurrika, Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam, Bogdan Oancea, Ismail Ayoade Odetokun, Hassan Okati‐Aliabad, Patrick Godwin Okwute, Andrew T Olagunju, Michał Ordak, Amel Ouyahia, Padukudru Anand Mahesh, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Anamika Pandey, Ashok Pandey, Seithikurippu Ratnas Pandi-Perumal, Ioannis N. Pantazopoulos, Shahina Pardhan, Eun‐Kee Park, Ashwaghosha Parthasarathi, Jay Patel, Aslam Ramjan Pathan, Shankargouda Patil, Prince Peprah, Gavin F Pereira, Maria Odete Pereira, Arokiasamy Perianayagam, Simone Perna, Dimitri Poddighe, Ramesh Poluru, Reza Pourbabaki, Akram Pourshams, Disha Prabhu, Jalandhar Pradhan, Elton Junio Sady Prates, Ibrahim Qattea, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Mosiur Rahman, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Shayan Rahmani, Masoud Rahmati, Mohammad Amin Rajizadeh, Prashant Rajput, Nemanja Rančić, Mithun Rao, Drona Prakash Rasali, Sina Rashedi, Ashkan Rasouli‐Saravani, Devarajan Rathish, David Laith Rawaf, Salman Rawaf, Elrashdy M Moustafa Mohamed Redwan, Nima Rezaei, Mohsen Rezaeian, Mónica Rodrigues, Jefferson Antonio Buendía, Leonardo Roever, Mohsen Rokni, Luca Ronfani, Kevin Thomas Root, Allen Guy Ross, Himanshu Sekhar Rout, Simanta Roy, Aly M A Saad, Adnan Saadeddin, Maha Mohamed Saber-Ayad, Cameron John Sabet, Basema Ahmad Saddik, Mohammad Reza Saeb, Fatemeh Saheb Sharif‐Askari, Narjes Saheb Sharif‐Askari, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Mirza Rizwan Sajid, Afeez Abolarinwa Salami, Justin D. Salciccioli, Mohamed Ahmed Saleh, Saad J. Samargandy, Yoseph Leonardo Samodra, Vijaya Paul Samuel, Abdallah M Samy, Brijesh Sathian, Monika S. Sawhney, Sonia K Saxena, Austin E Schumacher, Ashenafi Kibret Sendekie, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Yashendra Sethi, Wajeehah Shahid, Moyad Jamal Shahwan, Masood Ali Shaikh, Sunder Sham, Muhammad Aaqib Shamim, Alfiya Shamsutdinova, Mohd Shanawaz, Mohammed Shannawaz, Sadaf Sharfaei, Amin Sharifan, Javad Sharifi‐Rad, Anupam Kumar Sharma, Manoj Sharma, Ali Sheidaei, Aziz Sheikh, Ramin Shekouhi, Manjunath Shenoy, Rekha R. Shenoy, Pavanchand H Shetty, Premalatha K Shetty, Aminu Shittu, Seyed Afshin Shorofi, Yafei Si, Emmanuel Edwar Siddig, Amit Kumar Singh, Harmanjit Singh, Jasvinder A. Singh, Paramdeep Singh, Virendra Singh, Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina, Farrukh Sobia, Shipra Solanki, Aayushi Sood, Soroush Soraneh, Joan Bautista Soriano, Suresh Kumar Srinivasamurthy, Leo Stockfelt, Chandan Kumar Swain, Łukasz Szarpak, Mindy D Szeto, Seyyed Mohammad Tabatabaei, Mohammad Tabish, Zanan Mohammed-Ameen Taha, Jabeen Taiba, Iman Mamdouh Talaat, Mircea Ştefan Tampa, Jacques Lukenze Tamuzi, Ker‐Kan Tan, Manoj Tanwar, Nathan Y Tat, Mohamad-Hani A. Temsah, Pugazhenthan Thangaraju, Rasiah Thayakaran, Jansje Henny Vera Ticoalu, Sojit Tomo, Roman Topór-Mądry, Jasmine Thuy Tran, Ngoc Ha Tran, Thang Huu Tran, Nguyen Tran Minh Duc, Aristidis Michael Tsatsakis, Abdul Rohim Tualeka, Munkhtuya Tumurkhuu, Muhammad Umar, Era Upadhyay, Mario Valenti, Jef Van den Eynde, Tommi Juhani Vasankari, Georgios‐Ioannis Verras, Rafael José Vieira, Manish Vinayak, Francesco Saverio Violante, Andrea Werdecker, Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe, Lalit Kumar Yadav, Mukesh Yadav, Yazachew Engida Yismaw, Naohiro Yonemoto, Chuanhua Yu, Nazar M. Zaki, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Hanqing Zhao, Hafsa Zia, Magdalena Zielińska, Jae Il Shin, Dong Keon Yon