CO2 Enrichment in Protected Agriculture: A Systematic Review of Greenhouses, Controlled Environment Systems, and Vertical Farms—Part 2

Le résumé fourni par la source

CO2 enrichment in protected agriculture has been extensively studied as a strategy to enhance crop productivity, resource use efficiency, and climate resilience. This systematic review examines the scientific literature on CO2 enrichment in greenhouses, vertical farms, and controlled environment agriculture (CEA) systems, with a focus on its impact on crop physiology, photosynthesis, agricultural yield, modeling and simulation techniques, injection technologies, and sustainability challenges. A comprehensive bibliometric and systematic search was conducted in the Scopus database using key terms related to CO2 enrichment and sustainable protected agriculture, following the PRISMA methodology. From an initial set of 212 documents, 171 were selected after removing duplicates, inaccessible articles, and studies not directly relevant to this context. The findings indicate that CO2 enrichment can significantly improve photosynthetic efficiency, water use efficiency, and crop productivity, although its impact varies depending on species, environmental conditions, and application strategies. Computational models, such as CFD and machine learning, have optimized CO2 distribution in controlled environments, contributing to more precise and resource-efficient agricultural practices. However, environmental and economic concerns, particularly energy consumption, carbon footprint, and the sustainability of CO2 sources, remain critical challenges. To ensure the sustainable adoption of CO2 enrichment, it is essential to integrate renewable energy sources, carbon capture and reuse technologies, and advanced CO2 injection systems. This review provides a holistic assessment of current knowledge, identifying opportunities and barriers for the development of climate-smart protected agriculture systems that align with global sustainability goals and contribute to food security and environmental stewardship.

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