Perceptions and knowledge of frontline health workers on emerging zoonotic diseases in Nigeria

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Abstract Introduction: Rapid population growth and increased human-livestock-wildlife interactions in degraded ecosystems have increased the risk of zoonotic diseases with major socio-economic impacts. This study evaluated the perceptions and knowledge of frontline health workers on emerging zoonotic diseases in Nigeria, focusing on drivers, preparedness, and challenges within the One Health Framework. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 172 health professionals in north-central Nigeria from 2022 to 2023. This study employed the ‘perceived threat’ component of the Health Belief Model (HBM) to evaluate perceptions of zoonotic disease threats and preparedness. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics, including multivariate logistic regression, to identify the significant drivers of zoonotic disease emergence. Results: The majority of the respondents were animal health professionals (50.6%), followed by public health (30.2%), and environmental health (19.2%). Significant knowledge gaps were found among the environmental health workers. Most respondents recognized undercooked wildlife meat consumption, contact with infected wildlife, and contaminated environments as the major risk pathways. Effective collaboration, early detection, epidemic preparedness, and public education have been identified as critical preventive measures. The key drivers of zoonotic disease emergence included intensive livestock farming (OR: 6.86; 95% CI: 3.30, 14.27), urbanization (OR: 10.20; 95% CI: 4.16, 25.04), international travel (OR: 6.14; 95% CI: 2.88, 13.09), biodiversity loss (OR: 8.27; 95% CI: 2.87, 23.81), and climate change (OR: 6.67; 95% CI: 2.33, 19.22). Environmental health professionals in Nigeria lack knowledge and preparedness, which underscores the need for targeted training. Conclusion: A One Health approach with multidisciplinary collaboration and strong surveillance is crucial for mitigating zoonotic pandemic risks. One Health impact statement This article addresses the concerns about the perceptions and knowledge of frontline health workers about emerging zoonotic diseases at the human-animal-environment interface, particularly in Nigeria. The findings offer critical insights for policy makers, health professionals, and communities, highlighting the need for improved collaboration across sectors to mitigate disease risks. By employing a One Health approach, integrating human, veterinary, environmental, and social science expertise, the study has identified frontline health professionals’ perception and knowledge of key risk factors and drivers of zoonotic disease emergence, fostering far-reaching solutions protecting human and animal health. This collaborative framework has increased preparedness, early disease detection, and enhanced epidemic response, which could not have been achieved through isolated efforts. The transdisciplinary inclusion of frontline health professionals’ knowledge alongside academic research has co-produced actionable strategies, enhancing societal relevance and offering practical solutions to prevent future emerging zoonotic diseases.

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