Efficacy and Safety of 3D-Printed Models in the Surgical Planning of Congenital Heart Defects: A Systematic Review

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Background: Three-dimensional (3D) printing has emerged as a valuable tool in congenital heart disease (CHD) surgical planning, offering improved anatomical visualization and preoperative simulation. However, its clinical impact remains uncertain. Methods: A systematic review following PRISMA guidelines was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library. After screening 333 studies, four met the inclusion criteria. Primary outcomes included surgical accuracy, operative time, and complication rates. Results: 3D-printed models demonstrated high anatomical accuracy, with deviations <0.4 mm compared to imaging data. They improved surgical decision-making and facilitated complex repairs in CHD, particularly in Tetralogy of Fallot and transposition of the great arteries. Surgeons reported increased confidence, and medical trainees showed enhanced anatomical understanding. However, limitations include high costs ($55–$810 per model), prolonged fabrication time (hours to days), and reliance on expert segmentation. The absence of randomized controlled trials limits definitive conclusions on clinical outcomes. Conclusion: 3D-printed models enhance spatial visualization and preoperative planning in CHD surgery, but further studies are needed to establish their impact on surgical efficiency and patient outcomes.

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