Embryology cannot establish the “Protura-sister”

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Du et al.( 1 ) addressed the longstanding issue of the phylogenetic relationships of the early lineages of Hexapoda, i.e., Protura, Collembola, Diplura, and Insecta (=Ectognatha).They obtained new transcriptome sequences for one proturan and two dipluran species and analyzed them, along with genomic and transcriptomic data for 42 other hexapods and 9 crustaceans from NCBI.Using various evolutionary models, among the phylogenetic trees constructed, they chose the one formulated as {Protura + [(Collembola + Diplura) + Insecta]} ("Protura-sister" hypothesis) and determined Protura as the earliest diverging hexapod lineage.Du et al. used embryologic data for verification but failed to pursue crucial/subsequent information.For example, they argued that Collembola and Diplura share a similar mode of blastokinesis ( 2 ) to tacitly suggest their affinity.However, subsequent studies proved that Protura also exhibit blastokinesis of this type ( 3 , 4 ); hence, the characteristic is common among Protura, Collembola, and Diplura.They discriminated Protura from other hexapods by noting that its

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