Prevalence of Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Structural and Functional Changes in Echocardiography in Individuals with Prehypertension

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BACKGROUND: Over the past decade, a number of epidemiological studies have been conducted in Russia to investigate risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). However, these studies did not compare risk factors between individuals with optimal, normal blood pressure (BP) and high normal BP (prehypertension). Neither could we find data on the comparison of structural and functional parameters in echocardiography (ECHO-CG) of these groups in the literature. AIM: To study the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and structural and functional changes in ECHO-CG in people with prehypertension without CVD in the Ryazan region. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 52 people from the population surveyed in the epidemiological study ESSE-RF 2 (RR), ‘Epidemiology of cardiovascular diseases in different regions of the Russian Federation 2’ (Ryazan region). The mean age of the surveyed was 33 [27; 38] years. Among the participants, there were 28 men (mean age 33 [28; 38] years), 24 women (mean age 33 [27; 36] years). The main group was divided into 2 subgroups (group A and group B). Group A included individuals with optimal and normal BP; n = 39, including 17 men (average age 30 [27; 33] years) and 22 women (average age 33 [27; 34] years). Group B included individuals with high normal BP; n = 13, mean age including 11 men (average age 37 [32; 42] years) and 2 women (average age 32 [29; 36] years). The study implied examination, taking medical history, elicitation of the existing risk factors (RF), anthropometry, BP measurement, blood lipid spectrum analysis, ECHO-CG. RESULTS: The results of the study demonstrated a high prevalence of RF, especially in the group of people with high normal BP. When comparing the anthropometric and biochemical parameters, statistically significant differences were found between group A and group B in the parameters of body weight, height, systolic and diastolic BP, total cholesterol and low-density lipoproteins. The results of the ECHO-CG study showed an enlargement of the left atrium in 17.3% of all the examined individuals, and pathological regurgitation on the mitral and tricuspid valves in 10.6% and 11.5% of cases, respectively. The individuals with high normal BP showed a statistically significant increase in the size of the aorta and the end systolic dimension of the left ventricle, compared to individuals with normal/optimal BP. CONCLUSIONS: The study showed a high prevalence of CVD RF among the population of the Ryazan region with prehypertension. In the absence of CVD, lipid metabolism disorders and first structural and functional changes in ECHO-CG are often found.

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