Longitudinal analysis of immunological response to vaccination

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Abstract This study explores the dynamic nature of the immune responses to vaccination with Td (Tetanus-diphtheria), PPSV23 (pneumococcal), and Shingrix (herpes zoster) vaccines. We performed detailed transcriptomic analysis, including genome-wide expression profiling, adaptive immune receptor (AIR) profiling, and single-cell transcriptome analysis of sorted T & B cells. We collected whole blood samples from a single donor at multiple time points before and after vaccination. RNA and DNA were extracted, and the DriverMap™ genome-wide targeted expression profiling (EXP) assay and AIR profiling were run for both T & B cell receptors from RNA and DNA. NGS results were analyzed using the MiXCR pipeline (AIR panel) and Salmon analysis (EXP panel). Whole transcriptome pathway enrichment analysis showed innate immune response with significant activation of interferon and cytokine signaling on Day 2 after immunization, followed by activation of adaptive immunity on Days 7-10, and return to baseline levels by Days 15-22. Response to vaccinations involved both TCR and BCR signaling with significant activation of immunoglobulin clonotypes specific for vaccine antigens. We characterized specific cell types responsible for adaptive immune responses through T/B cell sorting experiments and 10x analysis. This study highlights the importance of integrated transcriptome, immune repertoire, and single-cell profiling analysis to understand the complex interplay of innate and adaptive immune mechanisms.

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