CLOVER (CLOstridium difficile Vaccine Efficacy tRial) Study: A Phase 3, Randomized Trial Investigating the Efficacy and Safety of a Detoxified Toxin A/B Vaccine in Adults 50 Years and Older at Increased Risk of Clostridioides difficile Infection

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BACKGROUND: Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) causes substantial mortality and healthcare burden. We assessed the detoxified toxin-A/B PF-06425090 vaccine for primary CDI prevention. METHODS: This phase 3 observer-blinded study randomized (1:1) ≥50-year-olds at increased CDI risk (N = 17 535) to receive 3 PF-06425090 or placebo doses (0, 1, and 6 months). Primary end points were first CDI episode (≥3 unformed stools within 24 hours; central laboratory-confirmed toxin A/B positive) ≥14 days post-dose 3 (PD3; first primary) and post-dose 2 (PD2; second primary). CDI duration, need for CDI-related medical attention (secondary end points), and antibiotic use (post hoc analysis) PD3 were evaluated. Tolerability and safety were assessed. RESULTS: The primary end point was not met (17 PF-06425090 and 25 placebo recipients had first CDI episode ≥14 days PD3 [vaccine efficacy (VE) = 31.0% (96.4% confidence interval [CI], -38.7% to 66.6%)]; 24 PF-06425090 and 34 placebo recipients had first CDI episode ≥14 days PD2 [VE = 28.6% (96.4% CI, -28.4% to 61.0%)]. Median CDI duration was lower with PF-06425090 (1 day) versus placebo (4 days; 2-sided nominal P = .02). Of participants with first CDI episode, 0 PF-06425090 and 11 placebo recipients sought CDI-related medical attention (post hoc analysis estimated VE = 100%; 95% CI, 59.6% to 100.0%) and 0 PF-06425090 and 10 placebo recipients required antibiotic treatment (VE = 100%; 95% CI, 54.8% to 100.0%). Local reactions were more frequent in PF-06425090 recipients, and systemic events were generally similar between groups; most were mild to moderate. Adverse event rates were similar between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Three PF-06425090 doses were safe and well tolerated. Although the primary end point was not met, PF-06425090 reduced symptom duration, CDI that required medical attention, and CDI-directed antibiotic treatment, highlighting its potential to reduce CDI-associated healthcare burden. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: NCT03090191.

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