Implementation of Oxygen Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging (OE-MRI) and a Pilot Genomic Study of Hypoxia in Bladder Cancer Xenografts

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Background/Aim: Patients with hypoxic bladder cancer benefit from hypoxia modification added to radiotherapy, but no biomarkers exist to identify patients with hypoxic tumours. We, herein, aimed to implement oxygen-enhanced MRI (OE-MRI) in xenografts derived from muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) for future hypoxia biomarker discovery work; and generate gene expression data for future biomarker discovery. Materials and Methods: The flanks of female CD-1 nude mice inoculated with HT1376 MIBC cells. Mice with small (300 mm3) or large (700 mm3) tumours were imaged, breathing air then 100% O2, 1 h post injection with pimonidazole in an Agilant 7T 16cm bore magnet interfaced to a Bruker Avance III console with a T2-TurboRARE sequence using a dynamic MPRAGE acquisition. Dynamic Spoiled Gradient Recalled Echo images were acquired for 5 min, with 0.1mmol/kg Gd-DOTA (Dotarem, Guerbet, UK) injected after 60 s (1 ml/min). Voxel size and field of view of dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE)-MRI and OE-MRI scans were matched. The voxels considered as perfused with significant post-contrast enhancement (p<0.05) in DCE-MRI scans and tissue were further split into pOxyE (normoxic) and pOxyR (hypoxic) regions. Tumours harvested in liquid N2, sectioned, RNA was extracted and transcriptomes analysed using Clariom S microarrays. Results: Imaged hypoxic regions were greater in the larger versus smaller tumour. Expression of known hypoxia-inducible genes and a 24 gene bladder cancer hypoxia score were higher in pimonidazole-high versus -low regions: CA9 (p=0.012) and SLC2A1 (p=0.012) demonstrating expected transcriptomic behaviour. Conclusion: OE-MRI was successfully implemented in MIBC-derived xenografts. Transcriptomic data derived from hypoxic and non-hypoxic xenograft regions will be useful for future studies.

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