A small-molecule allele-selective transcriptional inhibitor of the MIF immune susceptibility locus

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Functional variants of the gene for the cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) are defined by a 4-nucleotide promoter microsatellite (−794 CATT 5-8 , rs5844572) and confer risk for autoimmune, infectious, and oncologic diseases. We describe herein the discovery of a prototypic, small molecule inhibitor of MIF transcription with selectivity for high microsatellite repeat number and correspondingly high gene expression. Utilizing a high-throughput luminescent proximity screen, we identify 1-carbomethoxy-5-formyl-4,6,8-trihydroxyphenazine (CMFT) to inhibit the functional interaction between the transcription factor ICBP90 ( namely , UHRF1) and the MIF -794 CATT 5-8 promoter microsatellite. CMFT inhibits MIF mRNA expression in a −794 CATT 5-8 length-dependent manner with an IC 50 of 470 nM, and preferentially reduces ICBP90-dependent MIF mRNA and protein expression in high-genotypic versus low-genotypic MIF– expressing macrophages. RNA expression analysis also showed CMFT to downregulate MIF-dependent, inflammatory gene expression with little evidence of off-target metabolic toxicity. These findings provide proof-of-concept for advancing the pharmacogenomic development of precision-based MIF inhibitors for diverse autoimmune and inflammatory conditions.

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