The effects of prehospital TXA on mortality and neurologic outcomes in patients with traumatic intracranial hemorrhage: A subgroup analysis from the prehospital TXA for TBI trial

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BACKGROUND: In the prehospital tranexamic acid (TXA) for traumatic brain injury (TBI) trial, TXA administered within 2 hours of injury in the out-of-hospital setting did not reduce mortality in all patients with moderate/severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). We examined the association between TXA dosing arms, neurologic outcome, and mortality in patients with intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) on computed tomography (CT). METHODS: This was a secondary analysis of the Prehospital Tranexamic Acid for TBI Trial ( ClinicalTrials.gov [NCT01990768]) that randomized adults with moderate/severe TBI (Glasgow Coma Scale score < 13) and systolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mm Hg within 2 hours of injury to a 2-g out-of-hospital TXA bolus followed by an in-hospital saline infusion, a 1-g out-of-hospital TXA bolus/1-g in-hospital TXA infusion, or an out-of-hospital saline bolus/in-hospital saline infusion (placebo). This analysis included the subgroup with ICH on initial CT. Primary outcomes included 28-day mortality, 6-month Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended (GOSE) ≤ 4, and 6-month Disability Rating Scale (DRS). Outcomes were modeled using linear regression with robust standard errors. RESULTS: The primary trial included 966 patients. Among 541 participants with ICH, 28-day mortality was lower in the 2-g TXA bolus group (17%) compared with the other two groups (1-g bolus/1-g infusion 26%, placebo 27%). The estimated adjusted difference between the 2-g bolus and placebo groups was -8·5 percentage points (95% confidence interval [CI], -15.9 to -1.0) and between the 2-g bolus and 1-g bolus/1-g infusion groups was -10.2 percentage points (95% CI, -17.6 to -2.9). Disability Rating Scale at 6 months was lower in the 2-g TXA bolus group than the 1-g bolus/1-g infusion (estimated difference - 2.1 [95% CI, -4.2 to -0.02]) and placebo groups (-2.2 [95% CI, -4.3, -0.2]). Six-month GOSE did not differ among groups. CONCLUSION: A 2-g out-of-hospital TXA bolus in patients with moderate/severe TBI and ICH resulted in lower 28-day mortality and lower 6-month DRS than placebo and standard TXA dosing. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic/Care Management; Level II.

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