Resilience and virus ecology of paleotropical bats

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Description: Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) are a threat to human and animal health. Bats are known reservoir hosts for various highly fatal viruses associated with EIDs. Previously, outbreaks of some EIDs were directly associated with environmental conditions, namely an increased contact zone between reservoir hosts and humans resulting from bush-meat consumption and increasing anthropogenic land-use. However, anthropogenic land-use, especially habitat logging and fragmentation, may also take effect via consequences upon wildlife communities, including population declines. Before effects manifest in decreased population sizes, individuals may show changes in physiological parameters. In this project, I investigated if habitat logging and fragmentation are associated with changes in body mass, levels of chronic stress, immunity and occurrence of viruses in bats. I sampled individuals of eight bat species of the genus Rhinolophus, Hipposideros and Kerivoula at the SASFE project in Sabah, Malaysia. I found that individuals of foliage-roosting bat species weighed less in currently logged and recently fragmented habitats and had lower white blood cell counts than their conspecifics from undisturbed forests. In a cave-roosting species (Rhinolophus borneensis) individuals from fragmented forests showed higher levels of chronic stress (indicated by the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio) than conspecifics from actively logged forests. Overall, I conclude that foliage-roosting bat species may be particularly vulnerable to habitat fragmentation, affecting their overall health including cell-mediated immunity. Further, I investigated if the detrimental effects of habitat logging and fragmentation on the overall health of bats are reflected in increased detection rates of corona- and astroviruses in fecal samples of bats in the same study site. An increase in detection rates may increase the risk for pathogen spill-overs from bats to humans. Unexpectedly, the detection rates were not associated with habitat logging and fragmentation in any species. However, I identified the rainy season as a risk factor for increased astrovirus shedding. Further, individuals in poor body condition tended to have a higher risk for astrovirus shedding. In conclusion, foliage-roosting bat species may turn into a source for future viral spillover events if they are sufficiently resistant to remain in logged and fragmented habitats. Ongoing landscape fragmentation in Southeast Asia and worldwide will reduce the connectivity of remaining habitats, resulting in lower mobility and genetic diversity of bats within a species in future generations. These bat populations may have a higher susceptibility to contract and shed viruses especially during the rainy season. If humans or their livestock live nearby, these viruses or other pathogens may spill over in new hosts.Project: This dataset was collected as part of the following SAFE research project: Resilience and virus ecology of paleotropical batsFunding: These data were collected as part of research funded by: German Research Council (Research grant, DFG Priority Programm 1596; Vo890/23, DR772/10-1 and 2)UK NERC Natural Environment Research Council (Research grant, HTMF Human-Modified Tropical Forests program under the LOMBoK Land-Use Options for Maintaining Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function consortium)This dataset is released under the CC-BY 4.0 licence, requiring that you cite the dataset in any outputs, but has the additional condition that you acknowledge the contribution of these funders in any outputs.Permits: These data were collected under permit from the following authorities:Sabah Biodiversity Council (Research licence JKM/MBS.1000-2/2 JLD.3 (153))Sabah Biodiversity Council (Research licence JKM/MBS.1000-2/2 JLD.3 (317))Sabah Biodiversity Council (Research licence JKM/MBS.1000-2/3 JLD.2 (16))XML metadata: GEMINI compliant metadata for this dataset is available hereFiles: This dataset consists of 2 files: Seltmann_bat_data_V2.xlsx, Traps2014.2015.gpxSeltmann_bat_data_V2.xlsxThis file contains dataset metadata and 9 data tables:ACTH_challenge (described in worksheet ACTH_challenge)Description: ACTH challengeNumber of fields: 17Number of data rows: 15Fields: Location: Location within the SAFE landscape (Field type: location)Capture: Bat ID. Start with year, e.g. 140001 is the first bat caught in 2014. Numbers starting with Q follow Dave Bennett's and Victoria Kemp's consecutive capture numbers, numbers starting without a lettter or with "L" only appear in my dataset. (Field type: id)Cortisol: Blood cortisol levels (Field type: numeric trait)Recapture: Is the bat a recapture (Field type: categorical trait)Date: Date of capture (Field type: date)Trap: Trap number (Field type: id)Species: Species of bat (Field type: taxa)Sex: Sex of bat (Field type: categorical trait)Age: Age of bat (A - adult) (Field type: categorical trait)Rep: Reproductive status (PL - postlactating) (Field type: categorical trait)Forearm_length: Forearm length (Field type: numeric trait)Weight: Weight (Field type: numeric trait)Fed: Feeding status (Field type: categorical trait)T1: Temperature before ACTH injection (Field type: numeric trait)T2: Temperature after ACTH injection (Field type: numeric trait)Parasites: Parasites observed on sampled bat (Field type: categorical trait)W: Wing punch (Field type: categorical trait)Viral_fecal_samples (described in worksheet Viral_fecal_samples)Description: Viral prevalences 03-04 2015Number of fields: 31Number of data rows: 790Fields: Location: Location within the SAFE landscape (Field type: location)Capture: Bat ID. Start with year, e.g. 140001 is the first bat caught in 2014. Numbers starting with Q follow Dave Bennett's and Victoria Kemp's consecutive capture numbers, numbers starting without a lettter or with "L" only appear in my dataset. (Field type: id)Pool_comments: Pool ID (Field type: comments)Date: Date of sampling (Field type: date)Time: Time of sampling (Field type: time)Astro: Astrovirus prevalence (Field type: categorical trait)COV: Coronavirus prevalence (Field type: categorical trait)Band_no: Ring-Number (Field type: id)R: Recapture (uk - unknown) (Field type: categorical trait)Trap: Trap ID (Field type: id)Species: Species of bat sampled (Field type: taxa)Sex: Sex of bat sampled (Field type: categorical trait)Age: Age of bat sampled (A - adult, S - subadult, J - juvenile) (Field type: categorical trait)Rep: Reproductive status (L - lactating, PL - postlacting, RPL - recently postlactating, Pr - Pregnant, NR - non reproductive) (Field type: categorical trait)Forearm_length: Forearm length (Field type: numeric trait)Weight: Biomass of bat (Field type: numeric trait)Fed: Feeding status (Field type: categorical trait)O: Oral swab (Field type: numeric trait)U: Urine swab (Field type: numeric trait)F: fecal sample (Field type: numeric trait)FS: fecal swab (Field type: numeric trait)BS: blood smear (Field type: numeric trait)B1: blood sample before ACTH injection (Field type: numeric trait)T1: temperature before ACTH injection (Field type: numeric trait)B2: blood sample after ACTH injection (Field type: numeric trait)T2: temperature after ACTH injection (Field type: numeric trait)Parasites: Parasites on sampled bats (Field type: comments)W: Wing punch taken (Field type: numeric trait)Comments: Comments (Field type: comments)Dave: Daves comments (Field type: comments)File: Orignal file name (Field type: comments)Overview_3 (described in worksheet Overview_3)Description: Viral prevalences 03-04 2015Number of fields: 4Number of data rows: 7Fields: Species: Species of bat (Field type: taxa)Scientific_name: Scientific name of bat (Field type: comments)Total_urine_samples: Total number of urine samples (Field type: numeric trait)Total_fecal_samples: Total number of fecal samples (Field type: numeric trait)Sequences (described in worksheet Sequences)Description: Coronavirsu sequencesNumber of fields: 3Number o

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